segunda-feira, 29 de março de 2010
domingo, 28 de março de 2010
La 'comida basura' es tan adictiva como el tabaco o las drogas, según la revista Nature, 20minutos.es
Comida basura: pizzas, hamburguesas y patatas fritas Según una investigación publicada por la revista Nature. Un experimiento con ratas prueba que un exceso de consumo de 'comida basura' puede provocar respuestas adictivas en el cerebro. Minuteca todo sobre: comida basura, Drogas, Tabaco Enviar Imprimir Compartir
EFE. 28.03.2010 - 23.04 hLa comida de alto contenido calórico puede ser tan adictiva como el tabaco o las drogas, según un estudio con ratas de laboratorio publicado en la revista científica Nature.
Un exceso de comida basura puede provocar respuestas adictivas Aunque el descubrimiento no puede ser trasladado directamente a la obesidad en humanos, demuestra que un exceso de consumo de "comida basura" puede provocar respuestas adictivas en el cerebro.
Esto es lo que les sucedió a las ratas con las que se experimentó el estudio, a las que se les comenzó a dar comida basura y que acabaron convirtiéndose en comedoras compulsivas.
Experimentos con ratas
Se sabe en efecto que a los adictos se les debilita la capacidad de activación de los circuitos cerebrales responsables del recuerdo de sus experiencias positivas, ya que dejan de desempeñar esas actividades por la gratificación que reciben de ella, sino que lo hacen de manera adictiva.
Las ratas preferían beicon o pasteles a comida sana Para la investigación, un equipo del Scripps Research Institute de Florida (Estados Unidos) encabezado por Paul Kenny, midió la sensibilidad de las ratas a ese tipo de experiencias.
Cuando los científicos ofrecían a las ratas comida de alto contenido en calorías como beicon, salchichas o pasteles, junto a comida más sana -aunque menos apetecible- que forma parte de su dieta habitual, los animales optaban por la primera y engordaban así rápidamente.
Comían pese a las descargas
Su sensibilidad al recuerdo de experiencias positivas también cayó en picado como les ocurre a los adictos a las drogas. Este debilitamiento de la respuesta a los recuerdos agradables persistió durante al menos dos semanas después de que dejaran de ingerir "comida basura".
Las ratas obesas comían pese a recibir descargas eléctricas Un auténtico adicto, bien sea rata o bien humano, consume la sustancia causante de la adicción compulsivamente incluso cuando es claramente perjudicial para su salud.
Para desarrollar el estudio, los científicos adiestraron a las ratas para que dejasen de comer cuando una luz se encendiese porque, en caso de no hacerlo, recibirían descargas eléctricas en sus extremidades. Las ratas de peso normal dejaban de comer al encenderse la luz incluso cuando se las tentaba con la más apetitosa "comida basura", pero las obesas, acostumbradas a ingerir este tipo de comida, seguían comiendo.
Alto contenido calórico
El estudio también revela un descenso en los niveles de un específico receptor de dopamina en las ratas con sobrepeso, fenómeno que también se da en los humanos adictos a drogas.
Los científicos disminuyeron artificialmente los niveles del receptor de dopamina en otro grupo de ratas, lo que aceleró su pérdida de sensibilidad al recuerdo positivo cuando se les suministraba una dieta de alto contenido calórico.
EFE. 28.03.2010 - 23.04 hLa comida de alto contenido calórico puede ser tan adictiva como el tabaco o las drogas, según un estudio con ratas de laboratorio publicado en la revista científica Nature.
Un exceso de comida basura puede provocar respuestas adictivas Aunque el descubrimiento no puede ser trasladado directamente a la obesidad en humanos, demuestra que un exceso de consumo de "comida basura" puede provocar respuestas adictivas en el cerebro.
Esto es lo que les sucedió a las ratas con las que se experimentó el estudio, a las que se les comenzó a dar comida basura y que acabaron convirtiéndose en comedoras compulsivas.
Experimentos con ratas
Se sabe en efecto que a los adictos se les debilita la capacidad de activación de los circuitos cerebrales responsables del recuerdo de sus experiencias positivas, ya que dejan de desempeñar esas actividades por la gratificación que reciben de ella, sino que lo hacen de manera adictiva.
Las ratas preferían beicon o pasteles a comida sana Para la investigación, un equipo del Scripps Research Institute de Florida (Estados Unidos) encabezado por Paul Kenny, midió la sensibilidad de las ratas a ese tipo de experiencias.
Cuando los científicos ofrecían a las ratas comida de alto contenido en calorías como beicon, salchichas o pasteles, junto a comida más sana -aunque menos apetecible- que forma parte de su dieta habitual, los animales optaban por la primera y engordaban así rápidamente.
Comían pese a las descargas
Su sensibilidad al recuerdo de experiencias positivas también cayó en picado como les ocurre a los adictos a las drogas. Este debilitamiento de la respuesta a los recuerdos agradables persistió durante al menos dos semanas después de que dejaran de ingerir "comida basura".
Las ratas obesas comían pese a recibir descargas eléctricas Un auténtico adicto, bien sea rata o bien humano, consume la sustancia causante de la adicción compulsivamente incluso cuando es claramente perjudicial para su salud.
Para desarrollar el estudio, los científicos adiestraron a las ratas para que dejasen de comer cuando una luz se encendiese porque, en caso de no hacerlo, recibirían descargas eléctricas en sus extremidades. Las ratas de peso normal dejaban de comer al encenderse la luz incluso cuando se las tentaba con la más apetitosa "comida basura", pero las obesas, acostumbradas a ingerir este tipo de comida, seguían comiendo.
Alto contenido calórico
El estudio también revela un descenso en los niveles de un específico receptor de dopamina en las ratas con sobrepeso, fenómeno que también se da en los humanos adictos a drogas.
Los científicos disminuyeron artificialmente los niveles del receptor de dopamina en otro grupo de ratas, lo que aceleró su pérdida de sensibilidad al recuerdo positivo cuando se les suministraba una dieta de alto contenido calórico.
quinta-feira, 18 de março de 2010
segunda-feira, 15 de março de 2010
Sociedade, 20minutos.es
Casi 900 millones de personas todavía viven sin agua potable en el mundo
Suponen el 13% de la población mundial | El triple no tiene servicios de saneamiento.
Suponen el 13% de la población mundial | El triple no tiene servicios de saneamiento.
Sociedade
“"O crescimento das redes sociais demonstra que o Homem, outrora sonhador, com ideias e valores, está a capitular".
Pedro Afonso (médico psiquiatra), PÚBLICO, 15-03-2010
Pedro Afonso (médico psiquiatra), PÚBLICO, 15-03-2010
sexta-feira, 12 de março de 2010
quinta-feira, 4 de março de 2010
US facing surge in rightwing extremists and militias Guardian.co.uk
The US is facing a surge in anti-government extremist groups and armed militias, driven by deepening hostility on the right to Barack Obama, anger over the economy, and the increasing propagation of conspiracy theories by parts of the mass media such as Fox News.
The Southern Poverty Law Centre, the US's most prominent civil rights group focused on hate organisations, said in a report that extremist "patriot" groups "came roaring back to life" last year as their number jumped nearly 250% to more than 500 with deepening ties to conservative mainstream politics.
The SPLC report, called Rage on the Right, said the rise in extremist groups was "a cause for grave concern" given their propensity to use violence during their heyday in the 90s, most notably with the Oklahoma City bombing that killed 168 people. It added that the issues driving support for such groups were increasingly populist and that "signs of growing radicalisation are everywhere".
"Patriot groups have been fuelled by anger over the changing demographics of the country, the soaring public debt, the troubled economy and an array of initiatives by President Obama that have been branded "socialist" or even "fascist" by his political opponents," the report said.
"Already there are signs of … violence emanating from the radical right. Since the installation of Barack Obama, rightwing extremists have murdered six law enforcement officers. Racist skinheads and others have been arrested in alleged plots to assassinate the nation's first black president. One man from Brockton, Massachusetts – who told police he had learned on white supremacist websites that a genocide was under way against whites – is charged with murdering two black people and planning to kill as many Jews as possible on the day after Obama's inauguration. Most recently, a rash of individuals with anti-government, survivalist or racist views have been arrested in a series of bomb cases."
The report says the patriot movement has "made significant inroads into the conservative political scene" in part driven by a growing view of the US administration "as part of a plot to impose 'one-world government' on liberty-loving Americans".
"The Tea Parties and similar groups that have sprung up in recent months cannot fairly be considered extremist groups, but they are shot through with rich veins of radical ideas, conspiracy theories and racism," the report says.
The SPLC notes that the rise comes as part of a deepening disillusionment with government in which just one quarter of Americans think government can be trusted. It said that a recent poll found that the anti-tax Tea Party movement is viewed in more positive terms than the Democratic or Republican parties.
"The signs of growing radicalisation are everywhere. Armed men have come to Obama speeches bearing signs suggesting that the 'tree of liberty' needs to be 'watered' with 'the blood of tyrants'. The Conservative Political Action Conference held this February was co-sponsored by groups like the John Birch Society, which believes President Eisenhower was a communist agent, and Oath Keepers, a patriot outfit formed last year that suggests, in thinly veiled language, that the government has secret plans to declare martial law and intern patriotic Americans in concentration camps," the SPLC said.
The report says that, unlike during the 1990s, the patriot movement's core ideas are more widely propagated and accepted by prominent politicians and some in the mass media, such as the Fox News presenter Glenn Beck.
"As the movement has exploded, so has the reach of its ideas, aided and abetted by commentators and politicians in the ostensible mainstream," said the report. "Beck, for instance, reinvigorated a key patriot conspiracy theory – the charge that the federal emergency management agency is secretly running concentration camps – before finally 'debunking' it."
How far such language is now part of the mainstream political discourse was confirmed by Politico today, which reported that it had obtained a Republican national committee document detailing plans to raise election funds with "an aggressive campaign capitalising on 'fear' of President Barack Obama" and a promise to "save the country from trending toward socialism".
In the presentation, the administration is portrayed as "the Evil Empire", and Obama as the Joker in Batman.
Patriot groups and militias are planning a march on Washington next month ostensibly in defence of the right to carry guns.
Armed and angry
The SPLC has identified 512 groups, including "patriots" and militias, which it accuses of pushing extreme anti-government doctrines or promoting political conspiracy theories. It says that many are not directly involved in violence but help feed extremism.
States with several groups include: Texas (52 groups including American Patriots for Freedom Foundation, Central Texas Militia, Texas Well Regulated Militia); Michigan (47 including Northern Michigan Backyard Protection Militia); California (22 including State of California Unorganized Militia, Northern California State Militia, American Armenian Militia, Freedom Force International); Indiana (21 including Indiana Sedentary Militia, Indiana Citizens Volunteer Militia, 3rd Brigade); New York (17 including Empire State Militia); Oregon (14 including Oregon Militia Corps) and Kentucky (13 including Kentucky State Militia – Ohio Valley Command).
The Southern Poverty Law Centre, the US's most prominent civil rights group focused on hate organisations, said in a report that extremist "patriot" groups "came roaring back to life" last year as their number jumped nearly 250% to more than 500 with deepening ties to conservative mainstream politics.
The SPLC report, called Rage on the Right, said the rise in extremist groups was "a cause for grave concern" given their propensity to use violence during their heyday in the 90s, most notably with the Oklahoma City bombing that killed 168 people. It added that the issues driving support for such groups were increasingly populist and that "signs of growing radicalisation are everywhere".
"Patriot groups have been fuelled by anger over the changing demographics of the country, the soaring public debt, the troubled economy and an array of initiatives by President Obama that have been branded "socialist" or even "fascist" by his political opponents," the report said.
"Already there are signs of … violence emanating from the radical right. Since the installation of Barack Obama, rightwing extremists have murdered six law enforcement officers. Racist skinheads and others have been arrested in alleged plots to assassinate the nation's first black president. One man from Brockton, Massachusetts – who told police he had learned on white supremacist websites that a genocide was under way against whites – is charged with murdering two black people and planning to kill as many Jews as possible on the day after Obama's inauguration. Most recently, a rash of individuals with anti-government, survivalist or racist views have been arrested in a series of bomb cases."
The report says the patriot movement has "made significant inroads into the conservative political scene" in part driven by a growing view of the US administration "as part of a plot to impose 'one-world government' on liberty-loving Americans".
"The Tea Parties and similar groups that have sprung up in recent months cannot fairly be considered extremist groups, but they are shot through with rich veins of radical ideas, conspiracy theories and racism," the report says.
The SPLC notes that the rise comes as part of a deepening disillusionment with government in which just one quarter of Americans think government can be trusted. It said that a recent poll found that the anti-tax Tea Party movement is viewed in more positive terms than the Democratic or Republican parties.
"The signs of growing radicalisation are everywhere. Armed men have come to Obama speeches bearing signs suggesting that the 'tree of liberty' needs to be 'watered' with 'the blood of tyrants'. The Conservative Political Action Conference held this February was co-sponsored by groups like the John Birch Society, which believes President Eisenhower was a communist agent, and Oath Keepers, a patriot outfit formed last year that suggests, in thinly veiled language, that the government has secret plans to declare martial law and intern patriotic Americans in concentration camps," the SPLC said.
The report says that, unlike during the 1990s, the patriot movement's core ideas are more widely propagated and accepted by prominent politicians and some in the mass media, such as the Fox News presenter Glenn Beck.
"As the movement has exploded, so has the reach of its ideas, aided and abetted by commentators and politicians in the ostensible mainstream," said the report. "Beck, for instance, reinvigorated a key patriot conspiracy theory – the charge that the federal emergency management agency is secretly running concentration camps – before finally 'debunking' it."
How far such language is now part of the mainstream political discourse was confirmed by Politico today, which reported that it had obtained a Republican national committee document detailing plans to raise election funds with "an aggressive campaign capitalising on 'fear' of President Barack Obama" and a promise to "save the country from trending toward socialism".
In the presentation, the administration is portrayed as "the Evil Empire", and Obama as the Joker in Batman.
Patriot groups and militias are planning a march on Washington next month ostensibly in defence of the right to carry guns.
Armed and angry
The SPLC has identified 512 groups, including "patriots" and militias, which it accuses of pushing extreme anti-government doctrines or promoting political conspiracy theories. It says that many are not directly involved in violence but help feed extremism.
States with several groups include: Texas (52 groups including American Patriots for Freedom Foundation, Central Texas Militia, Texas Well Regulated Militia); Michigan (47 including Northern Michigan Backyard Protection Militia); California (22 including State of California Unorganized Militia, Northern California State Militia, American Armenian Militia, Freedom Force International); Indiana (21 including Indiana Sedentary Militia, Indiana Citizens Volunteer Militia, 3rd Brigade); New York (17 including Empire State Militia); Oregon (14 including Oregon Militia Corps) and Kentucky (13 including Kentucky State Militia – Ohio Valley Command).
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